Subsurface voids pose significant concerns to geotechnical design. Accurately locating these voids is fundamental for ensuring the security of structures and infrastructure. Traditional methods, such as borehole analysis, can be laborious and provide limited spatial resolution. Emerging geophysical techniques, including ground wave velocity analysi
Geotechnical exploration strategies are crucial for characterizing cavities and voids within the subsurface. These structures can significantly influence the stability of foundations, infrastructure, and slope. A variety of non-invasive exploration methods are employed to detect cavities and voids. These include test pits, geophysical techniques su
Geophysical exploration employs a crucial role in the identification and evaluation of potential mineral deposits. By employing various physical methods, geologists can penetrate beneath the Earth's surface to identify subsurface structures and indicators indicative of mineral presence. These geophysical techniques often involve the measurement of